Anarquía en Buenos Aires

Entre tanto en Buenos Aires, el bando Directorial volvió a recobrar su prestigio, a pesar de su derrota, al aparecer como el defensor de los derechos porteños, desconocidos luego de Cepeda. Por ello, fomentaron un clima de verdadera anarquía, que al degenerar en tumultos y re¬vueltas hicieron vivir a Buenos Aires, uno de los períodos mas turbios de su historia, mereciendo que a esos meses se los recuerde como al 'Infausto Año XX'.

El gobierno de Sarratea fue sumamente agitado. Tras haber sem¬brado la discordia entre los Caudillos, mediante el Pacto de Pilar, fue dejado de lado. Depuesto por el general Balcarce, huyó a refugiarse junto a los caudillos que aún permanecían en Buenos Aires. Estos, conside¬randolo como garantía del cumplimiento del Pacto, lo repusieron en el cargo.

Dos meses después fue nuevamente depuesto y reemplazado por Ramos Mejía, hacendado de escasa notoriedad política, pero abier¬tamente simpatizante con los Directoriales. Su nombramiento pareció una provocación hacia los caudillos, ma¬xime cuando el nuevo gobernador, liberó a todos los detenidos y suspen¬dió los procesos iniciados a raíz de Cepeda. El caudillo López, cruzó en¬tonces el Arroyo del Medio y al frente de sus tropas se puso nuevamente en marcha contra Buenos Aires.
Al conocerse la nueva invasión, cundió laagitación en la ciudad. El general Soler, comandante de las milicias, pretextando que la situación exigía un gobierno fuerte, se hizo proclamar gobernador por el Cabildo de Lujan. Al saberlo, Ramos Mejía presentó su renuncia a la Junta de Re-presentantes, que le ordenó depositar su bastón de mando en el Ca¬bildo porteño. Todo esto ocurrió el 20 de junio de 1820 que ha pasado a la historia como 'día de los 3 gobernadores', ya que Ramos Mejía, Soler y el Cabildo pudieron simultaneamente creerse gobernantes de Bue¬nos Aires. En verdad podría decirse que fue el 'día sin gobierno', ya que ninguno de ellos tenía autoridad suficiente como para desmentir la anarquía reinante. Ese mismo nefasto día, fallecía en la ciudad, en medio del mayor olvido, el prócer Manuel Belgrano. Finalmente es designado gobernador el general Martín Rodríguez, activo militante del bando Directorial, aunque dispuesto a llegar a un entendimiento con los caudillos.
Summer: at the southern area, until Nippur, with ethnic and linguistic origin unknown.
Akkad: at the northern area, until Mari, above all Semitic population.
This cultures had different phases of dominion, speakers of both languages, Sumerian & semitic population. The origins of this were at lower Mesopotamia, keep out of the early Neolithic. It becomes an important area from the late cooper age, Uruk and Jandet-Nasr was the cities were urbanization process began; Uruk had technological innovations as pottery, metallurgy, writing, complex buildings and trade routes. The population increased, so larger settlements were done. So that’s why we can speak about complex urban societies apparition. The division of the labour specialization was also a method used by the Sumerians to categorisedifferent jobs. Jamdet Nasar was a community to regard Uruk, here first palaces appeared and a secular political system was developed. They used cuneiform writing spread. In the protodynastic age is more information available. They used urban settlements system. Around 2500BC, 80 percent of the population lived in cities bigger than 40 hectares. Those city-states fight each other. The city was the centre of power and seat of specialized activities. These were agricultural states, with irrigation canals.
The urbanization process had different landowners, ones of family property and other, in increase; lands are property of the palace and temple. The kings played an important role at war, so the conflict were very common because of the frontiers, trade routes or the impose dominance.
Umma vs. Lagash was a well-known conflict; around 2600BC the border treat was broken. Lugalzagesi, ruler of Uruk conquered, Ur, Larsa, Umma, Nippur and Lagash. He controlled from lower sea to the upper sea.
So different cultures in the lower Mesopotamia during the early Bronze Age. Here is were we found the origins of the Sumerian people. Around the 80 percent of the population lived in cities.

Egypt during the old kingdom.
Here, the power, was linked to religious beliefs, Pharaon was a living god. The administration was centralized and unified, with provincial administrations, located on districts or nomes. These nomes were 22 in the Upper Egypt and 16 in the Lower Egypt.
They had apyramidal structure, in the higher part, the pharaon and his family. Them in the lower place the Nobility from the court, numers and upper priesthood, and in a lower place, we found farmers and public workers.
The economy was essentially agricultural. From 2200BC: instability and political disintegration, without building and royal inscriptions, so there is not a sing of centralized power. The provincial rulers acted as kings and the post become hereditary. They had problems with Asian invasions. From 2040BC the reunification coined again, some conclusions of these are that we can saw different periods with stability or instability, two kingdoms and one empire.

First empires in the near east.
The Acadian empire, around the years 2340-2159BC. The king Sargon I established the dynasty and created the empire, this was a first attempt to create a centralized empire in Mesopotamia. During his reign the Acadian empire maybe had control from the lower sea to the upper sea. But the peak of the empire came later with Naram-Sin (2254-2216BC). The state organization of Acadian empire was centralized, capital located in Acadia: food surpluses, commercial products, exotic materials were stored in this city. The central area was under military control, between Kish and the Persian Gulf. At the periphery the trade routes were controlled. The ideological changes can be explained on three parts. Royal titles change from king of kish to king of the four regions, king of universaldominion. The king image changes from a successful warrior to a leading role. The king become divine, the first to change it was Naram-Sim.

Paleo-Babylonian Concluido el tragico Año XX, el país pareció haberse llamado a so¬siego: todas las provincias fueron madurando sus instituciones y organi¬zando sus administraciones públicas, en un clima de paz y de mutuo respeto. Al mismo tiempo, casi todas entretejieron una vasta red de pactos y alianzas que en conjunto, y de manera innegable, les daba la fisonomía de partes integrantes de una misma Nación.