ELEMENTOS Y FINALIDADES DE LA ADMINISTRACION PÚBLICA


ELEMENTOS:
Medios personales o personas físicas.
Medios económicos, los principales son los tributos.
Organización, ordenación racional de los medios.
Fines, principios de la Entidad administrativa.
FINALIDADES: La finalidad de la Administración Pública es satisfacer los intereses colectivos, y como integrante del Estado, promover el bien común. (art. 1° inciso 3° C.P.). Con dicho objetivo, desarrolla sus funciones y una serie de actividades en la cual tiene primordial importancia el acto administrativo, que por sus efectos jurídicos, es diferente a otras manifestaciones estatales.
DEFINICIÓN DE ESTADO: es una noción con valor a nivel político que sirve para presentar una modalidad de organización de tipo soberana y coercitiva con alcance social. De esta forma, el Estado aglutina a todas las instituciones queposeen la autoridad y la potestad para regular y controlar el funcionamiento de la comunidad dentro una superficie concreta a través de leyes que dictan dichas instituciones y responden a una determinada ideología política.

LA BUROCRACIA: El concepto permite nombrar a la organización que está regulada por normas que buscan un orden racional en la gestión y distribución de sus asuntos. La burocracia es la organización o estructura organizativa caracterizada por procedimientos explícitos y regularizados, división de responsabilidades y especialización del trabajo, jerarquía y relaciones impersonales. MAX WEBER, consideró que la burocracia era una forma racional de organizar una entidad para conseguir que la misma funcionara con precisión, claridad, velocidad y eficiencia.
AMBITO DE ACCION
1) El de la acción y competencia estatales,
2) El de la esfera pública.
3) El de la sociedad civil y sus distintos niveles de organización.
4) El económico y/o del mercado: mercado de bienes y servicios y fuerza de trabajo.
5) El ámbito doméstico, y por último,
6) El íntimo o personal.

LAS INSTITUCIONES PÚBLICAS (Definición y funciones
Las instituciones son aquellos organismos que desempeñan funciones de interés público, especialmente benéficas. Son los organismos fundamentales de un Estado, nación o
Sociedad.

Según la teoría positiva de las instituciones, las instituciones políticas ayudan a resolver los problemas de la acción colectiva, especialmente aquellos problemas de compromiso y ejecución que tanto debilitan al intercambio político. Según esta teoría, lasinstituciones políticas permiten que los distintos actores políticos cooperen entre si y ayudan a que de esta manera todos resulten beneficiados.

3. Goals of the Tutorial
The purpose of this tutorial was to help software engineers understand and avoid common mistakes with case studies by giving them a solid grounding in the fundamentals of case studies as a research method. For researchers, our goal was to provide them a starting point for learning how to conduct case studies. When they return to their home institutions, they would be able to


find, assess, and apply appropriate resources in designing their studies. For reviewers, our goal was to providethem with guidance on how to judge the quality and validity of reported case studies. They would be able to use the criteria presented in this tutorial to assess whether research papers based on case studies are suitable for publication, allowing them to raise the quality of publications and give appropriate feedback to authors. For practitioners, our goal was to provide a better awareness of how to interpret the claims made by researchers about new software engineering methods and tools. We also aimed to offer practitioners deeper insights into the roles they can play in designing and conducting case studies in collaborative research projects, and the ability to read case studies more effectively and be better able to identify results suitable for use in their workplace.

4. Format and Curriculum
During this full-day tutorial, time was divided evenly between lecture and discussion. The lectures drew on our experience with empirical studies, research methodology texts, and papers from the software engineering literature. The tutorial covered a range of topics on the design and implementation of case studies. It started with issues common to all empirical studies, moved on to ones particular to case studies, and concluded with an examination of practical issues. The curriculum included the following topics. • Research Methodology o Strategies for Software Engineering Research o Approaches for Empirical Studies • Case Study Fundamentals o Exploratory Questions o Validation • Designing Case Studies o ResearchContext o Validity o Ethical Issues o Data Gathering and Analysis • Publishing Case Studies o Preparing Evidence o Elements of the Report • Reviewing Case Studies o Replication The primary text used for the tutorial was Case Study Methods 3/e, by Robert K. Yin [3]. This book is a respected resource on case studies and is widely cited both inside and outside software engineering. The lessons were reinforced by small group sessions where participants examined and discussed case studies that have been published in software engineering conferences and journals. The following papers, in our opinion, are exemplary research case studies:

Matthias M. Müller and Walter F. Tichy, “Case Study: Extreme Programming in a University Environment,” presented at Twenty-third International Conference on Software Engineering, Toronto, Canada, pp. 537-544, 12-19 May 2001. Carolyn B. Seaman and Victor R. Basili, “An Empirical Study of Communication in Code Inspections,” presented at Nineteenth International Conference on Software Engineering, Boston, MA, pp. 96-106, 17-23 May 1997. D.N. Card, V.E. Church, and W.W. Agresti, “An Empirical Study of Software Design Practices,” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 264-271, 1986. Sallie M. Henry and Dennis G. Kafura, “Software Structure Metric Based on Information Flow,” IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 545-522, September, 1981. During the break-out sessions, the tutorial was divided into three discussion groups, each led byone of the instructors. These smaller groups increased the amount of interaction and allowed the material to be tailored to the students. [At time of writing, we were planning to have tracks for investigators, reviewers, and practitioners, however, this may change depending on the demographics of the tutorial attendees].

5. Conclusion
Case studies are an empirical method in their own right, with established design principles. Even for studies that are properly called case studies, there are often problems with selecting a unit of analysis, validity of results, data observation and collection. This tutorial sought to address these issues, because case study is a method that is wellsuited to software engineering. It is particularly appropriate when we seek to understand how and why technology is used or not used, functions or does not function in contemporary settings, and where we have little or no control over the variables. Our discipline can only be improved by the addition of high-quality, published cas